Sigma Aldrich

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Halloysite nanoclay, available in a 100GM quantity, is a naturally occurring aluminosilicate clay mineral with a distinctive tubular structure. It's characterized by its high surface area, strong adsorption capacity, and ease of dispersion in water. This nanoclay finds applications in various fields due to its unique properties, including enhanced mechanical and thermal characteristics in nanocomposites, controlled drug release in drug delivery systems, and stabilization in cosmetic formulations. Here's a more detailed description:Structure: Halloysite nanoclay consists of nanotubes with an inner diameter of 10-100 nm, an outer diameter of 40-190 nm, and a length ranging from 0.2-1 μm. Composition: It has a chemical formula of Al₂Si₂O₅(OH)₄·nH₂O, similar to kaolin, and consists of two layers of aluminosilicate in a 1:1 Al:Si ratio. Key Properties:

• High surface area: This allows for significant adsorption of various substances. 
• Strong adsorption capacity: Halloysite can effectively bind to and retain molecules. 
• Easy dispersion: It readily disperses in water and other solvents. 
• Low electrical and thermal conductivity: These properties make it suitable for certain applications. 
• Strong hydrogen interactions: The inner hydroxyl groups in halloysite exhibit greater stability compared to surface hydroxyl groups. 

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Halloysite nanoclay is a two-layered aluminosilicate with a unique hollow, tubular structure. It is similar in chemical composition to kaolin and has properties related to both SiO and AlO. This nanoclay offers a high surface area, strong adsorption capacity, and is easily dispersed in water. Here's a more detailed look:

• Structure:Halloysite nanotubes are characterized by a cylindrical shape, with an inner diameter around 10-100 nm, an outer diameter of 40-190 nm, and a length ranging from 0.2-1 μm. 
• Composition:It's a clay mineral with the chemical formula Al2Si2O5(OH)4·nH2O. 
• Properties:Halloysite exhibits low electrical and thermal conductivity, and strong hydrogen interactions. 
• Applications:Halloysite nanotubes are used in various fields, including:
  • Nanocomposites: They enhance the mechanical and thermal properties of polymers, making them suitable for use in automotive parts, packaging, and construction materials. 
  • Drug Delivery: Their tubular structure allows for the controlled release of drugs, protecting them from degradation. 
  • Cosmetics: They act as thickeners and stabilizers in cosmetic formulations. 
  • Catalysis: Modified halloysite can be used as a catalyst support. 
  • Environmental Remediation: They can be used for water purification and soil remediation due to their ability to adsorb contaminants. 

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• Item Code: 685445
• Delivery Time: Ready Stock
• Packaging Details: Box

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Tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) reagent grade, 98%, is a colorless liquid alkoxide primarily used as a precursor for silicon dioxide (SiO2) thin film deposition. It's also utilized in the creation of hydrogels, nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems, and as a chemical crosslinking agent for polymers. TEOS is known by several other names, including ethyl silicate (though this can be ambiguous), silicon tetraethoxide, and tetraethoxysilane. Key Characteristics and Uses:

• Chemical Formula: Si(OC2H5)4 
• Molecular Weight: 208.33 g/mol 
• CAS Number: 78-10-4 
• Reagent Grade: 98% purity 
• Applications:
  • Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) Thin Films: TEOS serves as a key precursor for depositing SiO2 films, widely used in the semiconductor industry and for other applications. 
  • Hydrogels: TEOS is used in the formation of hydrogels, which are networks of polymer chains that can absorb large amounts of water. 
  • Nanoparticle-based Drug Delivery: TEOS can be employed to create silica nanoparticles, which are used in drug delivery systems. 
  • Crosslinking Agent: TEOS can act as a crosslinking agent in silicone polymers, increasing their strength and durability. 
  • Other Uses: TEOS is also utilized in the synthesis of zeolites, coatings for various materials, and the production of aerogel. 

Important Considerations:

• Solubility: TEOS is practically insoluble in water but is miscible with alcohol. 
• Decomposition: It slowly decomposes in the presence of water. 
• Commercial Production: TEOS is commercially produced by reacting ethanol with metallic silicon. 

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Lead(II) chloride, also known as plumbous chloride, is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula PbCl2. It is a white crystalline solid at room temperature, though it can also appear as a white powder or even colorless and odorless crystals. It's known for its low solubility in water but its ability to dissolve in solutions containing chloride ions. Lead(II) chloride is a significant lead-based reagent and has various applications in chemistry and industry. Here's a more detailed description:

• Appearance: Typically, lead(II) chloride appears as a white solid, but it can also be found as a white powder or colorless, odorless crystals. 
• Formula: The chemical formula is PbCl2. 
• Structure: It's composed of one lead (Pb) atom and two chlorine (Cl) atoms, with the chlorine atoms covalently bonded to the central lead atom. 
• Solubility: Lead(II) chloride is poorly soluble in water. However, it readily dissolves in solutions containing chloride ions, such as hydrochloric acid. 
• Natural Occurrence: It occurs naturally as the mineral cotunnite. 
• Toxicity: It is toxic if swallowed or inhaled and can cause damage to organs, fertility, and possibly cancer. 
• Applications: It's used in the production of infrared transmitting glass, ornamental "aurene" glass, and as a reagent in various chemical reactions. 

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3-Amino-1H-1,2,4-triazole, also known as 3-AT, is a heterocyclic organic compound with the chemical formula C2H4N4. It is a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme imidazoleglycerol-phosphate dehydratase, which is involved in histidine biosynthesis. 3-AT is commonly used as a herbicide, particularly against weeds, and is known to be translocated from roots to leaves. It can also inhibit chlorophyll synthesis, leading to chlorotic (yellowed) or albino (white) plant leaves. Key Properties and Uses:

• Herbicide:3-AT is a herbicide that disrupts plant metabolism, primarily by inhibiting chlorophyll synthesis. 
• Target:It specifically inhibits the enzyme imidazoleglycerol-phosphate dehydratase, an enzyme in the histidine biosynthesis pathway. 
• Translocation:3-AT is a systemic herbicide, meaning it can be absorbed by plant roots and transported throughout the plant. 
• Effects on Plants:When 3-AT is absorbed by plants, it can cause chlorosis (yellowing) or albinism (whitening) of the leaves, ultimately leading to plant death. 
• Weed Control:3-AT is effective against various weeds, including Bermuda grass and quack grass. 
• Commercial Use:In the past, commercial-grade 3-AT has been used as a cotton defoliant. 
• Solubility:3-AT is soluble in water, methanol, ethanol, and chloroform, but sparingly soluble in ethyl acetate and insoluble in ether and acetone. 
• Storage:It should be stored desiccated at -20°C, in a cool, dry, and well-ventilated place. 

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2-Methyl-2-butene, available from Sigma-Aldrich, is a clear, colorless liquid with a petroleum-like odor. It's a trisubstituted olefin, meaning it has three substituents attached to a carbon-carbon double bond. It's also known as β-Isoamylene or Amylene. Key characteristics and applications:

• Physical Properties:It is less dense than water, insoluble in water, and vapors are heavier than air. It has a boiling point below 35°C, a melting point of -133.72°C, and a density of 0.66 g/cm³ at 20°C. 
• Chemical Reactions:2-Methyl-2-butene can participate in various reactions, including forming host-guest complexes with macrocycles, reactions with ozone to form carbonyl derivatives, and reactions with active chlorine formulations, impacting its photodecomposition. It can also be used as a precursor for peroxyacetyl nitrate. 
• Applications:It's used as a precursor in the synthesis of other compounds, like those with prenyl-type double bonds via cross-metathesis. It also serves as a model for studying the combustion kinetics of branched alkenes. Additionally, it's used in the partial hydrogenation of poly-ynes with pyridine to form ω-hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acids. 
• Safety:Merck Millipore notes that it is highly flammable and harmful if swallowed. It may cause skin irritation and drowsiness or dizziness, and is suspected of causing genetic defects and cancer. It is also toxic to aquatic life with long-lasting effects. 

Product Details:

n-Hexadecane, available from Sigma-Aldrich, is a straight-chain alkane with 16 carbon atoms. It's a colorless liquid at room temperature and is used in various applications, including as a reference fuel for determining the cetane number of diesel fuels. It also finds use in synthesis, as a solvent, and in the development of phase change materials. Here's a more detailed description:

• Chemical Properties:n-Hexadecane is a saturated hydrocarbon with the chemical formula CH₃(CH₂)₁₄CH₃. Its CAS number is 544-76-3. 
• Physical Properties:It is a colorless liquid. It has a melting point of 18 °C and a boiling point of 287 °C (lit.). Its density is approximately 0.773 g/mL at 25 °C. 
• Applications:
  • Reference Fuel: It is used as a reference fuel with a cetane number of 100 in the determination of cetane numbers for diesel fuels. 
  • Synthesis: It can be used as a solvent in various chemical syntheses. 
  • Phase Change Material: Hexadecane has been used in the development of composite phase change materials. 
  • Industry: It is employed as an ignition standard for diesel fuels, a solvent, and a raw material in hydrocracking processes. 

Product Details:

Zinc bromide (ZnBr2) is a white, crystalline, inorganic compound that is highly soluble in water and organic solvents. It's also hygroscopic, meaning it readily absorbs moisture from the air, and can form a dihydrate (ZnBr2·2H2O). Zinc bromide is used in various applications, including organic chemistry as a Lewis acid, in energy storage as an electrolyte in zinc-bromine batteries, and in oil and gas operations. Key Properties and Characteristics:

• Chemical Formula: ZnBr2.
• Appearance: White crystalline solid.
• Solubility: Highly soluble in water, forming acidic solutions, and also soluble in organic solvents.
• Hygroscopic: Absorbs moisture from the air.
• Lewis Acid: Used as a Lewis acid in organic chemistry.
• Dihydrate: Forms a dihydrate (ZnBr2·2H2O).
• Industrial Applications: Used in oil and gas operations (e.g., displacing drilling mud), energy storage (zinc-bromine batteries), and as a reagent in chemical reactions. 

Additional Information:

• Reactivity:Zinc bromide can react with strong bases and some metals. 
• Safety:Should be stored in a cool, dry, and well-ventilated area, away from incompatible substances and sources of ignition. Protective clothing, gloves, and eye/face protection should be worn when handling. 
• Preparation:Can be prepared by reacting zinc with bromine, or by reacting zinc with hydrogen bromide or hydrobromic acid. 
• Environmental Hazard:While not flammable, it can pose a threat to the environment, and immediate steps should be taken to limit its spread to the environment. 

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2-Chloroacetamide, available from Sigma-Aldrich, is a chlorinated organic compound with the chemical formula ClCH₂CONH₂. It's a white crystalline solid, readily soluble in water, and is used as a reactant in various chemical syntheses. Specifically, it acts as a precursor for synthesizing amides and thioamides and can be used in reactions to create 2-Amino-4-chloroquinolines and 2-(Formylaryloxy)acetamides. Key characteristics and uses:

• Chemical Formula: ClCH₂CONH₂
• CAS Number: 79-07-2
• Molar Mass: 93.51 g/mol
• Physical State: White crystalline solid
• Solubility: Readily soluble in water
• Applications:
  • Precursor for synthesizing amides and thioamides
  • Reactant in the synthesis of 2-Amino-4-chloroquinolines and 2-(Formylaryloxy)acetamides
  • Reagent for the synthesis of carboxamidomethyl esters
  • Used in the synthesis of 1,8-naphthyridine derivatives 

Safety information: 

• Toxic if swallowed (H301): This indicates a potential hazard if ingested.
• May cause an allergic skin reaction (H317): This suggests that skin contact can cause an allergic response.
• Suspected of damaging fertility (H361f): This indicates a potential risk to reproductive health.

It's crucial to handle 2-chloroacetamide with care and follow appropriate safety precautions, as indicated by the hazard pictograms and precautionary statements. 

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3,5,5-Trimethyl-1-hexanol is a branched-chain primary alcohol with nine carbon atoms. It's a colorless liquid and is primarily used as a fragrance ingredient in various toiletries and household cleaning products. It also occurs naturally in some plants like Lycii fructus. Here's a more detailed description: 

• Chemical Formula: C9H20O
• Molecular Weight: 144.25 g/mol
• IUPAC Name: 3,5,5-trimethylhexan-1-ol
• CAS Number: 3452-97-9
• Physical State: Colorless liquid
• Boiling Point: 193-202 °C
• Melting Point: -70 °C
• Solubility: Insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol, acetone, and ether
• Use: Primarily used as a fragrance component in toiletries and household cleaning products.
• Occurrence: Naturally found in Lycii fructus.

Product Details:

1. Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate is an ionic compound with the chemical formula Na₂SiO₃·5H₂O, commonly appearing as a white, crystalline, granular substance. It's highly soluble in water and creates an alkaline solution. It is a versatile compound used in various applications, including detergents, cleaning agents, and as a corrosion inhibitor in industrial settings. Key Characteristics:
   • Chemical Formula: Na₂SiO₃·5H₂O.
   • Physical State: White, crystalline, and granular solid.
   • Solubility: Highly soluble in water, forming an alkaline solution.
   • Hygroscopic and Deliquescent: Absorbs moisture from the air and can dissolve in the absorbed water. 
   Common Uses:
   • Detergents and Cleaning Agents: Sodium Metasilicate Pentahydrate acts as a builder in detergents, enhancing cleaning power by neutralizing water hardness and boosting the effectiveness of surfactants. 
   • Metal Cleaning: It's used in metal cleaning processes to remove dirt, grease, and other contaminants. 
   • Corrosion Inhibitor: It helps protect metal surfaces from corrosion in various industrial applications. 
   • Ceramics: It's used as a binder in the ceramics industry, improving the strength and integrity of ceramic products. 
   • Water Treatment: It can be used to control pH and prevent scaling in water systems. 
   • Paper Industry: Used in paper deinking and as a binder. 
   • Construction: It acts as an accelerator for acid-resistant mortar and concrete. 
   Important Considerations:
   • Safety:Sodium metasilicate pentahydrate is corrosive and can cause skin and eye irritation. It is important to handle it with appropriate safety precautions, including wearing gloves and eye protection. 
   • Storage:It should be stored in a cool, dry place, away from moisture and incompatible materials. 

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Rhodamine B is a synthetic pink dye, belonging to the xanthene dye family, commonly used in various industries like textiles, paper, and leather. While it has applications in scientific research due to its fluorescent properties, it is also used as a food colorant, which is where health concerns arise. Its use in food has been linked to potential health risks, including DNA damage and cancerous growths. Key Properties and Uses:

• Color: Bright pink.
• Industry: Textiles, paper, leather, printing, food coloring (in some regions).
• Scientific: Fluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and as a tracer dye in water flow studies.
• Fluorescent: Highly fluorescent, making it useful in various scientific applications.
• Chemical Structure: C28H31ClN2O3, a xanthene dye. 

Health Concerns:

• Potential Carcinogen: Studies suggest it can cause DNA damage and potentially lead to cancerous growths. 
• Toxicity: Linked to skin, eye, and respiratory tract irritation. 
• Food Safety: Use in food, especially in cotton candy and other sweets, has raised significant health concerns and led to bans in some areas. 

In essence, while Rhodamine B has legitimate uses in various fields, its potential toxicity, particularly when used as a food colorant, makes it a subject of concern and scrutiny. 

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• Item Code: R6626
• Delivery Time: Ready Stock
• Packaging Details: Glaass Bottle

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Boron trifluoride methanol complex, also known as BF3-methanol, is a chemical compound used as a reagent in organic synthesis, primarily for esterification and deprotection reactions. It acts as a strong acidic catalyst and is particularly useful for converting carboxylic acids to methyl esters and for cleaving protecting groups like acetyl groups from amines. Key Characteristics and Applications:

• Esterification:BF3-methanol is a common reagent for esterifying carboxylic acids, meaning it reacts with acids to form esters, which are organic compounds with a characteristic fruity smell.
• Deprotection:It effectively removes acetyl protecting groups from amines, which can be useful in synthesizing various organic compounds, including some types of dyes.
• Transesterification:BF3-methanol can catalyze the transesterification of vegetable oils to produce biodiesel.
• Clear, Pale Yellow Liquid:It is typically supplied as a clear, pale yellow liquid, often in a solution with methanol.
• Strong Acidic Catalyst:Its effectiveness as a catalyst stems from the Lewis acidity of boron trifluoride.
• Applications in Cyanine Dye Synthesis:It is used in the synthesis of cyanine dyes, which are used in various applications like biological staining and imaging.
• Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Production:It can be used to produce fatty acid methyl esters, which are important components in biodiesel and other applications.
• Deacetylation:It is also used for deacetylation reactions, which involve removing acetyl groups from molecules. 

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• Item Code: 8.01663.0500
• Delivery Time: Ready Stock
• Packaging Details: Glass Bottle

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Sodium Tetraborate Decahydrate, commonly referred to as Borax, is a white, crystalline compound with the chemical formula Na2B4O7⋅10H2O Na 2​ B 4​ O 7​  ⋅10H2​O. It is a naturally occurring mineral and a salt of boric acid that is widely used in various applications.Chemical Properties

• Molecular Formula: Na2B4O7⋅10H2ONa2​B4​O7​⋅10H2​O
• CAS Number: 1303-96-4
• Molar Mass: 381.37 g/mol
• Density: Approximately 1.73 g/cm³
• Melting Point: 75°C
• pH: Approximately 9 (in a 5% solution)
• Appearance: White, odorless, crystalline powder

Uses and ApplicationsSodium Tetraborate Decahydrate serves multiple purposes in both household and industrial applications, including:

1. Cleaning Agent: It is commonly used in laundry detergents as a cleaning aid that softens water and enhances the effectiveness of fabric cleaners 1.
2. Industrial Applications: It acts as a flux in glass and ceramics manufacturing, improving the quality of glazes and strengthening products 1.
3. Catalyst in Organic Synthesis: It is utilized in various chemical reactions such as the regioselective thiolysis of 1,2-epoxides and the Biginelli reaction, promoting the synthesis of complex organic compounds 1.
4. Buffering Agent: In laboratory settings, Borax provides buffering capacity for maintaining stable pH levels 1.
5. Pest Control: The compound is effective against household pests, such as ants and cockroaches, when used in pest control formulations 1.
6. Personal Care Products: It is often included in cosmetics and skin products for its mild antiseptic properties and as an emulsifying agent 1.
7. 4 Sources

Safety and Handling

• Hazards: Sodium Tetraborate Decahydrate can be harmful if ingested or inhaled and may cause respiratory issues and irritation. Prolonged exposure has been linked to reproductive health concerns 2.
• First Aid Measures: If contact occurs, rinse thoroughly with water. Seek medical help if symptoms persist

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• Item Code: S9640
• Delivery Time: Ready Stock
• Packaging Details: Plastic Bottle

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Hexadecane may be used as a solvent for trioctylamine-based synthesis of indium antimonide (InSb) nanocrystals.[1] It may also be used as an internal standard for the synthesis of poly(9,9-
dioctylfluorene)-b-poly(3-hexylthiophene) via Grignard metathesis chain growth polymerization.[2]
Hexadecane, anhydrous, with a purity of ≥99%, is a straight-chain alkane with the chemical formula C16H34. It's a clear, colorless liquid at room temperature, and also can exist as a solid at lower temperatures. It's characterized by its high purity (at least 99%), indicating minimal impurities, and its anhydrous nature, meaning it's free from significant amounts of water. Key properties and characteristics:

• Chemical Formula: C16H34
• CAS Number: 544-76-3
• Synonyms: n-Hexadecane, Cetane
• Purity: ≥99%
• Physical State: Clear liquid or solid at different temperatures
• Melting Point: Approximately 18°C
• Boiling Point: Approximately 287°C
• Density: Around 0.773 g/mL at 25°C
• Refractive Index: Around 1.434 at 20°C
• Impurities: <0.003% water (indicative of anhydrous nature) 

Applications:Hexadecane finds use in various applications, including:

• Fuel Standards:It serves as a reference for determining the cetane number of diesel fuels, which is an indicator of combustion quality. 
• Chemical Synthesis:It can be used in the synthesis of other chemicals and as a solvent. 
• Research:It's used in studies of material properties, such as superamphiphobicity on polymers, and in interactions with other compounds like ammonia. 
• Industrial Processes:It's used in distillation processes, for example, in the recovery of amines from aqueous solutions. 

Safety:When handling hexadecane, it's important to: 

• Use it in well-ventilated areas.
• Avoid contact with skin, eyes, and clothing.
• Wash hands thoroughly after use.
• Avoid breathing vapors or mist.

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• Item Code: 296317
• Delivery Time: Ready Stock
• Packaging Details: Box

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Benzene, when described as an ACS Reagent, is a high-purity solvent used in laboratories and research. It's a clear, colorless liquid with a characteristic aromatic odor, and its chemical formula is C6H6. ACS Reagent grade benzene meets specific standards of purity, ensuring its suitability for use in demanding chemical applications. Key features of Benzene ACS Reagent:

• Purity: ACS Reagent grade benzene has a high purity, typically exceeding 99%.
• Appearance: It is a clear, colorless liquid.
• Chemical Formula: C6H6.
• Density: Approximately 0.878-0.879 g/ml at 20°C.
• Boiling Point: Around 80°C.
• Freezing Point: Around 5°C.
• Solubility: Immiscible in water but soluble in most organic solvents. 

Uses:

• Solvent: A common solvent in laboratory experiments and chemical reactions.
• Raw Material: Used in the production of various chemicals, including plastics, pharmaceuticals, and other industrial products.
• Fuel Additive: Historically used in gasoline due to its high octane number. 

Important Notes:

• Benzene is a hazardous substance, and proper handling and storage procedures should be followed. 
• It is important to consult the Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for specific safety information related to Benzene ACS Reagent. 
• The term "ACS Reagent" indicates that the product meets the purity and quality standards set by the American Chemical Society, ensuring its suitability for analytical and research applications. 

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• Item Code: 319953
• Delivery Time: Ready Stock
• Packaging Details: Glass Bottle

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Metanil Yellow is a synthetic azo dye that's used as a pH indicator, counterstain in microscopic sections, and is known for its use as an adulterant in turmeric powder. It changes color from red to yellow between pH 1.2 and 3.2. Metanil Yellow is also used in some diagnostic kits, like those for visualizing acid mucopolysaccharides. It is a well-known adulterant of turmeric and is also used to dye certain types of sweets. Key points about Metanil Yellow:

• pH Indicator:It changes color depending on the pH level, making it useful in chemical analysis. 
• Counterstain:It is used to increase contrast in microscopic sections, particularly in PAS (periodic acid-Schiff) and iron-hematoxylin stained sections. 
• Adulterant:It is a common adulterant in turmeric powder and sweets, used to enhance color. 
• Visualizing Acid Mucopolysaccharides:It is part of diagnostic kits used to identify different types of tumors based on mucin secretion. 
• Color Change:The dye changes from red to yellow in the pH range of 1.2 to 3.2. 
• Detection:A test using hydrochloric acid can be used to detect its presence in turmeric powder. 

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• Item Code: 202029
• Delivery Time: Ready Stock
• Packaging Details: Glass Bottle

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Sodium metasilicate nonahydrate is a white, crystalline solid that is the hydrated form of sodium metasilicate. It readily dissolves in water, forming a slightly alkaline solution, but is not soluble in ethanol or acids. It is a hygroscopic substance, meaning it absorbs moisture from the air. It's widely used in detergents, metal cleaning, and ceramics, and is valued for its alkaline buffering, corrosion inhibition, and water softening properties. Key Properties and Characteristics:

• Chemical Formula: Na₂SiO₃·9H₂O
• Appearance: White, crystalline powder or flakes
• Solubility: Highly soluble in water, forming an alkaline solution
• Hygroscopicity: Absorbs moisture from the air
• Alkalinity: Has a strong alkaline pH
• Corrosion Inhibition: Protects metal surfaces from corrosion
• Water Softening: Reduces the hardness of water
• Detergency: Enhances the cleaning power of detergents 

Common Uses:

• Detergents: Used as a builder in detergents, improving cleaning efficiency and inhibiting corrosion. 
• Metal Cleaning: Effective in cleaning and degreasing metal surfaces. 
• Ceramics: Acts as a binder and dispersant in ceramic manufacturing. 
• Other Applications: Found in adhesives, fire protection materials, and textile and lumber processing. 

Safety:

• Skin and Eye Irritant: Can cause skin and eye irritation or burns.
• Respiratory Irritant: May irritate the respiratory system.
• Hazardous Material: Requires careful handling and storage. 

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• Item Code: 71746
• Delivery Time: Ready Stock
• Packaging Details: Box

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Polyethylene glycol (PEG) solution is a liquid used to treat constipation and cleanse the colon before medical procedures. It works by drawing water into the intestines, softening the stool and promoting bowel movements. PEG solutions can also be used to prepare the colon for procedures like colonoscopies and barium enemas. Key points about PEG solutions:

• Function:PEG solutions are osmotic laxatives, meaning they increase water retention in the stool, making it easier to pass. 
• Uses:
  • Constipation: PEG solutions are used to treat and prevent occasional constipation. 
  • Bowel Preparation: They are used to cleanse the colon before colonoscopies, barium enemas, and other medical procedures. 
• Administration:PEG solutions are typically taken orally, often mixed with water or juice. 
• Safety:While generally safe, PEG solutions can cause side effects like nausea, abdominal cramping, and diarrhea. It's important to stay hydrated when taking PEG solutions. 

Variations of PEG solutions:

• PEG-3350:A common form of PEG used for treating constipation, often available as a powder to be mixed with water. 
• PEG-electrolyte solution:Specifically designed for bowel preparation, containing electrolytes to prevent dehydration. 
• PEG solutions in other applications:PEG is also used in various industries and applications, such as in cosmetics, food products, and as a polymer in various research and development processes. 

Important note: Always consult with a healthcare professional before taking any PEG solution, especially if you have underlying health conditions or are taking other medications. They can help determine the appropriate dosage and ensure it's safe for you. 

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Lead(II) acetate trihydrate is a widely used in the field of textile dyeing, varnishes, waterproofing and insecticides.[1]ApplicationDesulfurization reagent; also used as neutralization of HCl.Lead(II) acetate trihydrate is used:

• In the preparation of lead lanthanum zirconate stannate titanate (PbLa(ZrSnTi)O₃) antiferroelectric (AFE) ceramics for dielectric capacitors[2]
• As a precursor to synthesize lead chalcogenides such as lead sulfide (PbS), lead selenide (PbSe) and lead telluride (PbTe) nanostructures.[3][4][5]
• In the synthesis of organic-inorganic halide perovskites (OIHPs) as optoelectronic materials for solar cells and light-emitting diodes.[6]

Lead(II) acetate trihydrate, Pb(C₂H₃O₂)₂·3H₂O, is a white crystalline compound that is a salt of lead and acetic acid. It's known for its solubility in water, alcohol, and glycerin. It has various applications, including its use as a mordant in textile dyeing, a drier in paints and varnishes, and in the detection of hydrogen sulfide. It also serves as a reagent for preparing other lead compounds and was formerly used in progressive hair coloring dyes. Lead acetate trihydrate is toxic and can cause lead poisoning. Key characteristics and properties:

• Appearance: White crystalline solid. 
• Chemical Formula: Pb(C₂H₃O₂)₂·3H₂O. 
• Solubility: Freely soluble in water, alcohol, and glycerin. 
• Applications:
  • Mordant in textile printing and dyeing: Aids in the fixation of dyes to fabrics. 
  • Drier in paints and varnishes: Accelerates the drying process. 
  • Detector of hydrogen sulfide: Used in lead acetate paper for detecting the presence of this toxic gas. 
  • Reagent for other lead compounds: Used in the synthesis of various lead-based compounds. 
  • Hair coloring: Formerly used in low concentrations as a component in progressive hair coloring dyes. 
• Toxicity: Lead acetate is toxic and can cause lead poisoning. 
• Safety: Requires appropriate handling and storage precautions due to its toxicity. It's also incompatible with strong acids and oxidizing agents. 

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Xylydil Blue I is a synthetic colorimetric reagent that has been widely used for the spectrophotometric detection of magnesium.ApplicationXylydil Blue I is suitable to determine serum magnesium levels using Mg- Xylydil Blue I complex based method.Biochem/physiol ActionsXylydil Blue I forms a purple complex with the magnesium ion in alkaline conditions.

Xylidyl Blue I is a synthetic colorimetric reagent, primarily known for its use as a metal indicator, particularly in the spectrophotometric determination of magnesium. It forms a purple complex with magnesium ions in alkaline solutions, allowing for quantitative measurement of magnesium levels. Here's a more detailed description:

• Chemical Properties:Xylidyl Blue I is a dye that appears as a dark violet crystalline powder. It is soluble in water, particularly in alkaline solutions. 
• Function as a Reagent:In analytical chemistry, it acts as a complexometric reagent, forming a colored complex with magnesium ions. This complex formation is crucial for spectrophotometric analysis, where the intensity of the color is directly proportional to the magnesium concentration. 
• Application in Magnesium Determination:Xylidyl Blue I is widely used to determine magnesium levels in biological fluids like serum and urine. It's often used in a method where magnesium in the sample reacts with Xylidyl Blue I in an alkaline medium to form a colored complex, which is then measured using a spectrophotometer. 
• Color Change:The reagent's color changes in the presence of magnesium ions. In alkaline conditions, its aqueous solution, which is red, turns reddish-violet upon the addition of magnesium. 
• Other Uses:While primarily known for magnesium determination, Xylidyl Blue I has also found applications in other areas, including textile dyeing and printing, due to its colorfastness and stability. 

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Residual free chlorine is the amount of chlorine remaining in water after disinfection that is still available to kill microorganisms and prevent further contamination. It's the active form of chlorine that provides ongoing protection against bacteria and viruses. This remaining chlorine is crucial for maintaining water safety during storage and distribution. Here's a more detailed explanation:

• Free Chlorine:This refers to the chlorine that is not yet combined with other substances in the water and is still actively disinfecting. 
• Residual Chlorine:This is the amount of free chlorine left after the initial disinfection process has taken place. 
• Importance:Residual free chlorine is important because it ensures that the water remains safe from microbial contamination as it travels through the distribution system to the consumer. 
• Measurement:The amount of residual free chlorine can be measured using test kits and is typically maintained within a specific range (e.g., 0.2-0.5 mg/L according to the WHO) to ensure effective disinfection without causing taste or odor issues. 
• Combined Chlorine:When free chlorine reacts with other substances in the water, it forms combined chlorine (e.g., chloramines), which are also disinfectants but less effective than free chlorine. 
• Total Chlorine:This is the sum of free chlorine and combined chlorine. 

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• Xylidyl Blue I is a synthetic colorimetric reagent, specifically an azo dye, notable for its vibrant blue color and use in various applications like staining and as a magnesium indicator. It's known for its stability and good lightfastness, making it suitable for textiles, paper, and biological staining. In alkaline conditions, it forms a purple complex with magnesium ions, enabling spectrophotometric measurement of magnesium levels. Key Properties and Uses:
  • Color: Xylidyl Blue I is a blue dye. 
  • Stability: It exhibits good lightfastness and stability, which is crucial for its applications. 
  • Solubility: It is soluble in water. 
  • Magnesium Detection: It forms a purple complex with magnesium ions in alkaline conditions, allowing for spectrophotometric determination of magnesium levels. 
  • Applications:
    • Staining: Used in histology and microbiology for staining cellular structures. 
    • Metal Indicator: Used as a complexometric reagent for magnesium determination in biological fluids like plasma and urine. 
    • Spectrophotometry: Employed in assays for magnesium, where the intensity of the colored complex can be measured. 
  • Other names: It is also known as Magonsulfonate. 
  • CAS Number: 14936-97-1. 
   

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• Production Capacity: 5G
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Benzoic acid is a white, crystalline, organic acid with the chemical formula C6H5COOH. It's a simple aromatic carboxylic acid, meaning it has a benzene ring (C6H6) with a carboxyl group (COOH) attached. Benzoic acid is found naturally in some plants, like cranberries, and is also produced synthetically. Here's a more detailed description:

• Appearance: Benzoic acid appears as a white, crystalline solid, often described as flaky or resembling fine white needles. 
• Odor: It has a faint, pleasant odor. 
• Properties: It's relatively insoluble in water, but soluble in alcohol and other organic solvents. 
• Uses: Benzoic acid is widely used as a food preservative to prevent the growth of bacteria, yeasts, and molds. It's also used in the manufacture of other chemicals, like esters and salts. 
• Occurence: Benzoic acid is naturally found in various plants, including berries, and is also a component of gum benzoin. 
• Industrial Synthesis: It can be synthesized industrially from benzene and carbon monoxide. 
• Health Considerations: Benzoic acid and its salts can be used as food preservatives and are generally considered safe for consumption at low concentrations. 

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The Boron trifluoride-methanol complex solution is a powerful Lewis acid catalyst and a versatile reagent used in organic synthesis, particularly for esterification of fatty acids and deacetylation of amines. Also known as BF3-MeOH, it's used to produce biodiesel, prepare fatty acid methyl esters, and synthesize amino group-containing cyanine dyes. The solution is typically sold in a glass bottle and is a highly effective, reliable, and selective reagent for various chemical reactions, according to Sigma-Aldrich. Key Characteristics and Uses

• Powerful acidic catalyst:BF3-MeOH is a strong Lewis acid that acts as an effective catalyst in organic reactions. 
• Esterification reagent:It is widely used for the esterification of fatty acids, which is a key step in the production of biodiesel. 
• Selective deprotection agent:The complex shows excellent selectivity in deprotecting acetylated amine groups, cleaving acetylated dyes to yield free amino groups, notes Sigma-Aldrich. 
• Versatile in organic synthesis:It is applied in various reactions, including the synthesis of amino group-containing cyanine dyes. 

Applications

• Biodiesel production: Facilitates the transesterification of vegetable oils to form biodiesel. 
• Fatty acid methyl ester preparation: Used to prepare fatty acid methyl esters. 
• Dye synthesis: Key in the synthesis of cyanine dyes that contain amino groups. 
• Proteomics research: Utilized as a reagent in proteomics. 

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• Item Code: 61626
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Tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) is a chemical compound with the formula Si(OC₂H₅)₄. It's a colorless liquid, often used as a precursor in the production of silicon dioxide (SiO2) and as a crosslinking agent in silicone polymers. TEOS is also utilized in various applications like the synthesis of zeolites, aerogels, and coatings for carpets. Here's a more detailed description:Chemical Properties:

• Formula: Si(OC₂H₅)₄
• Synonyms: Tetraethoxysilane, ethyl silicate
• Appearance: Colorless liquid
• Boiling Point: 168 °C
• Density: 0.933 g/mL at 20 °C
• Refractive Index: 1.382 at 20°C
• Solubility: Insoluble in water 

Key Uses:

• Semiconductor Industry:TEOS is a precursor for depositing silicon dioxide (SiO2) thin films used in semiconductor manufacturing. It's a safer alternative to pyrophoric silicon sources like silane. 
• Silica Synthesis:TEOS serves as a silica source for the synthesis of zeolites and other silica-based materials. 
• Aerogel Production:TEOS is a key ingredient in the creation of aerogels, which are extremely lightweight and porous materials. 
• Crosslinking Agent:TEOS is used as a crosslinking agent in silicone polymers, enhancing their properties. 
• Coatings:TEOS can be used in coatings for various applications, including carpets. 
• Nanoparticle Synthesis:TEOS is utilized in the synthesis of silica nanoparticles through methods like the Stöber process. 
• Adsorption:The porous structure of materials produced from TEOS, such as electrospun nanofibers, can be used for removing toxic substances. 

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LiChrospher® RP-18 is a reliable and versatile traditionally produced spherical silica gel carrier with C-18 reversed phase properties. It is well suited for the separation of neutral, acidic and weak basic compounds. This  sorbent is packed into a LiChroCART® 250-4 HPLC cartridge. The connection to the HPLC system is being accomplished by use of the manu-CART® NT cartrige holder (1.51486).

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Supelclean PSA SPE Bulk Packing is a specialized solid-phase extraction material designed for efficient removal of Proteinase K (PSA) and other contaminants from various samples.General Information

• Product Type: Solid-phase extraction (SPE) sorbent
• Packing Size: Available in bulk, typically packaged as 100 grams

Composition and Structure

• Phase: Polymerically bonded ethylenediamine-N-propyl phase containing both primary and secondary amines.
• Pore Size: 70 Å
• Particle Size: 50 μm
• Matrix: Silica gel base material (irregularly shaped)
• Active Groups: Contains amines, classified as a weak anion exchanger with pKa values of 10.1 and 10.9.
• Capacity: High capacity for adsorption, typically within 0.98 to 1.05 meq/g.

Applications

• Multi-Residue Pesticide Analysis: Effective for analyzing fatty acids, organic acids, and polar pigments in foods.
• Sample Purification: Suitable for clinical diagnostics, biotechnology, and environmental analysis, particularly for enhancing the removal efficiency of contaminants such as Proteinase K from various matrices.
• GC Analysis: Helps reduce matrix enhancement effects during gas chromatography analyses, ensuring cleaner results 3.
• 3 Sources

Performance Characteristics

• Retention Mechanism: Utilizes both normal-phase and anion-exchange techniques, enhancing its versatility across various sample types.
• Efficiency: Demonstrates high affinity and removal efficiency for specific solutes, often outperforming traditional SPE methods.
• Reusability: Capable of being reused multiple times, which can lead to cost savings in analytical processes.

Additional Information

• Safety Considerations: Generally requires standard laboratory safety measures due to its chemical characteristics.
• Legal Notes: Supelclean is a trademark of Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC, ensuring quality and reliability in materials provided.

This product is essential for researchers requiring precise and effective solid-phase extraction materials for various analytical applications. For specific use cases or detailed technical inquiries, consulting product documentation directly from suppliers like Sigma-Aldrich is recommended

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• Item Code: 52738-U
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Viscosity standard mineral oil is a specifically formulated mineral oil used for calibrating and verifying the accuracy of rotational viscometers. It's a reference material with a precisely controlled viscosity, often traceable to national or international standards like NIST. This type of mineral oil is commonly used when silicone-based standards are not suitable for a particular application. Here's a more detailed breakdown:Purpose:

• Calibration:Ensures the accuracy and reliability of rotational viscometers by providing a known viscosity reference point. 
• Verification:Allows users to check the performance of their viscometers and confirm they are operating within acceptable limits. 
• Traceability:Many viscosity standard mineral oils are certified to international standards, offering traceability to national or international standards organizations like NIST. 

Key Features:

• Formulation: Specifically formulated for rotational viscometers. 
• Controlled Viscosity: The viscosity is precisely known and controlled at specific temperatures. 
• Dual Certification: Often dual-certified to ISO 17025 and ISO 17034 under UKAS accreditation, ensuring high quality and reliability. 
• Traceability: Traceable to national or international standards, ensuring accuracy and reliability. 
• Packaging: Typically supplied in inert glass packaging with tamper-evident seals to maintain sample integrity. 
• Shelf Life: Typically has a shelf life of 12 months. 
• Temperature Dependence: Kinematic viscosity at different temperatures can be calculated using ASTM D341. 

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B-Sitosterol is a phytosterol, a plant-derived compound structurally similar to cholesterol, found in various plant-based foods. It is known for its potential health benefits, including lowering cholesterol, acting as an anti-inflammatory agent, and potentially exhibiting anti-cancer properties. It is also a component of plant cell membranes and plays a role in regulating membrane fluidity. Detailed Description:

• Chemical Structure:B-Sitosterol is a white, waxy solid with the molecular formula C29H50O. It is one of the most abundant phytosterols, which are naturally occurring plant sterols. 
• Occurrence:It is found in a wide variety of plant-based foods, including legumes, oil seeds, and unrefined plant oils. Specific sources include peanut butter, pistachios, sunflower seeds, and various fruits and vegetables. It is also present in botanicals like saw palmetto, rye grass pollen, and stinging nettles. 
• Biological Activities:
  • Cholesterol Lowering: B-Sitosterol can help lower cholesterol levels by reducing the amount of cholesterol absorbed from the diet, according to the National Cancer Institute. 
  • Anti-inflammatory Properties: It has demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects in various studies. 
  • Potential Anticancer Effects: Some research suggests that B-Sitosterol may have anticancer properties, potentially inhibiting tumor growth and even inducing apoptosis (programmed cell death) in cancer cells. 
  • Other Activities: It has also been associated with antioxidant, anti-diabetic, antimicrobial, and immunomodulatory activities. 
• Dosage and Forms:B-Sitosterol is available in dietary supplements and is also found in fortified foods like margarine spreads. Typical doses for cholesterol reduction range from 1.3 to 3 grams per day, according to WebMD. 
• Safety:While generally considered safe, some individuals with sitosterolemia (a rare genetic disorder) may experience adverse reactions like hemolysis. It's always recommended to consult with a healthcare professional before starting any new supplement regimen, especially if you have pre-existing health conditions. 

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A cholesterol test kit is a device used to measure the amount of cholesterol in a blood sample. These kits can be used at home or in a clinical setting and typically involve pricking a finger to obtain a blood sample, which is then analyzed to determine cholesterol levels. Home kits may measure total cholesterol, while some also measure HDL (good) and LDL (bad) cholesterol, and triglycerides. Types of Cholesterol Tests:

• Total Cholesterol:Measures the overall amount of cholesterol in the blood. 
• HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein) Cholesterol:Often referred to as "good" cholesterol, as it helps remove cholesterol from the arteries. 
• LDL (Low-Density Lipoprotein) Cholesterol:Often referred to as "bad" cholesterol, as it contributes to plaque buildup in the arteries. 
• Triglycerides:A type of fat in the blood, high levels of which can also increase the risk of heart disease. 

How Home Cholesterol Test Kits Work:

1. 1. Sample Collection:A lancet is used to prick the finger, and a small drop of blood is collected on a test strip or into a sample collection device. 
2. 2. Analysis:
   • Paper Test Strips: The blood sample is applied to a test strip, which contains chemicals that react with cholesterol, changing color to indicate the level. 
   • Electronic Meters: The test strip with blood is inserted into a small meter, which measures the cholesterol level automatically. 
3. 3. Results:Results can be obtained within minutes, providing a quantitative measurement of cholesterol levels. 

Important Considerations:

• Accuracy:Home test kits may not be as accurate as lab tests, and it's important to follow the instructions carefully. 
• Professional Guidance:It's crucial to consult with a healthcare professional for guidance on testing frequency, interpreting results, and developing a plan to manage cholesterol levels. 
• Complete Picture:While home kits can be convenient, a complete cholesterol test (lipid panel) in a lab provides a more comprehensive assessment of heart health, including HDL, LDL, triglycerides, and VLDL. 
• Other Risk Factors:Factors like age, family history, and lifestyle also play a role in heart disease risk, and a doctor will consider these along with test results. 

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2-Mercaptoethanol (2-ME), also known as β-mercaptoethanol, is a clear, colorless to light yellow liquid with a strong, disagreeable odor. It's primarily used as a reducing agent, especially in biochemical research to break disulfide bonds in proteins and peptides. It's also used in cell culture and as a component in buffers for DNA and RNA analysis. Key Properties and Uses:

• Reducing Agent:2-ME effectively reduces disulfide bonds, which are important for protein structure. 
• Solubility:It's miscible with water, alcohol, ether, and benzene, making it versatile for various applications. 
• Volatility:It has a relatively low vapor pressure, which contributes to its somewhat less objectionable odor compared to other thiols. 
• Toxicity:It can be toxic if ingested or absorbed through the skin, and its vapors can irritate the eyes, mucous membranes, and respiratory tract. 
• Applications:Beyond protein research, 2-ME is used in electrophoresis, amino acid detection, and distinguishing single-stranded from double-stranded DNA. It's also used in PVC heat stabilizers and as a chain transfer agent. 

 structure.

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2-Phenylethanol, also known as phenethyl alcohol, is a colorless liquid with a pleasant floral (rose-like) odor. It's a primary alcohol with a phenyl group attached to a two-carbon ethanol chain (C6H5CH2CH2OH). Widely used in fragrances and flavors, it's also found in various essential oils. Here's a more detailed description:

• Chemical Structure:2-Phenylethanol is an aromatic alcohol with the chemical formula C8H10O. It features a phenyl group (a benzene ring) attached to an ethanol (CH2CH2OH) group. 
• Appearance and Odor:It's a colorless liquid at room temperature with a sweet, floral fragrance reminiscent of roses. 
• Solubility:It is slightly soluble in water but dissolves readily in most organic solvents like ethanol and ether. 
• Occurrence:It is found naturally in various essential oils and is a common component of rose oil. 
• Applications:2-Phenylethanol is widely used as a fragrance ingredient in perfumes, cosmetics, and personal care products. It also finds application in the food and beverage industry as a flavor component. Additionally, it has mild antimicrobial properties and can be found in some cleaning products. 
• Synthesis:It can be produced both synthetically and through biotechnological methods. Chemical synthesis often involves reactions like the Friedel-Crafts reaction or the hydrogenation of styrene oxide. 
• Safety:It is generally considered safe for use in food and cosmetics, but it's recommended to handle it with care due to potential skin irritation. 

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